Mount Sandel - Mesolithic Settlement in Ireland

Mount Sandel lies on a high bluff overlooking the River Bann and it is the remains of a small collection of huts provide evidence of the first people who lived in what is now Ireland. The County Derry site of Mount Sandel is named for its Iron Age fort site, believed by some to be Kill Santain or Kilsandel, famous in Irish history as the residence of the marauding Norman king John de Courcy in the 12th century AD. But the small archaeological site east of the remains of the fort is of far greater importance to the prehistory of western Europe. The Mesolithic site at Mount Sandel was excavated during the 1970s by Peter Woodman of University College Cork. Woodman found evidence of up to seven structures, at least four of which may represent rebuildings. Six of the structures are circular huts of six meters (about 19 feet) across, with a central interior hearth. The seventh structure is smaller, only three meters in diameter (about six feet), with an exterior hearth. The huts were made of bent sapling, inserted into the ground in a circle, and then covered over, probably with deer hide. Dates and Site Assemblage Radiocarbon dates at the site indicate that Mount Sandel is among the earliest human occupations in Ireland, first occupied around 7000 BC. Stone tools recovered from the site include a huge variety of microliths, which as you can tell from the word, are tiny stone flakes and tools. Tools found at the site include flint axes, needles, scalene triangle-shaped microliths, pick-like tools, backed blades, and a few hide scrapers. Although preservation at the site was not very good, one hearth included some bone fragments and hazelnuts. A series of marks on the ground are interpreted as a fish-drying rack, and other diet items may have been eel, mackerel, red deer, game birds, wild pig, shellfish, and an occasional seal. The site may have been occupied year-round, but if so, the settlement was tiny, including no more than fifteen people at a time, which is quite small for a group subsisting on hunting and gathering. By 6000 BC, Mount Sandel was abandoned to the later generations. Red Deer and the Mesolithic in Ireland Irish Mesolithic specialist Michael Kimball (University of Maine at Machias) writes: Recent research (1997) suggests that red deer may not have been present in Ireland until the Neolithic (earliest solid evidence dates to around 4000 bp). This is significant because it implies that the largest terrestrial mammal available for exploitation during Irelands Mesolithic may have been the wild pig. This is a very different resource pattern than that which characterizes most of Mesolithic Europe, including Irelands next door neighbor, Britain (which was chock full of deer, e.g., Star Carr, etc.). One other point unlike Britain and the Continent, Ireland has NO Paleolithic (at least none has yet been discovered). This means that the Early Mesolithic as seen via Mt. Sandel likely represents Irelands first human inhabitants. If the pre-Clovis folks are right, North America was discovered before Ireland! Sources Cunliffe, Barry. 1998. Prehistoric Europe: An Illustrated History. Oxford University Press, Oxford.Flanagan, Laurence. 1998. Ancient Ireland: Life before the Celts. St. Martins Press, New York.Woodman, Peter. 1986. Why not an Irish Upper Paleolithic? Studies in the Upper Paleolithic of Britain and Northwest Europe. British Archaeological Reports, International Series 296:43-54.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Being a First Mover

Advantages and Disadvantages of being a First Mover: The timing of entry to a particular market or industry is usually important because it helps in determining a companys returns on investment. First movers are described as the first entrants to offer or sell a new product or service category in a particular industry. Some of the major advantages of being a first mover include brand loyalty and technological leadership, exploiting the switching costs of buyers, preemption of scarce assets, and gaining increasing returns advantages. As a first mover, a firm can develop a reputation of a leader in the specific area of technology within the industry that enables it to sustain a lead when competition enters the arena (Schilling, n.d.). Such companies may also increase in market power through increased returns that could help in ultimately making it the dominant design. The other advantage of being a first mover in an industry is that an organization obtains control of resources. Despite of these first mover advantages, companies also bear some disadvantages of being pioneers in an industry. First, first movers are considerably less profitable in the long run as compared to the other entrants in the industry. Secondly, first movers experience high research and development expenses since they spend more money on exploratory research. Third, first movers have challenges associated with undeveloped supply and distribution channels that proves to be a major disadvantage. TheShow MoreRelatedFirst and Late Mover Companies or Products1748 Words   |  7 PagesFirst and Late Mover Companies or Products: Every industry is usually characterized with a variety of competing firms that seek to establish their presence and profitability in the market. As part of enhancing their competitiveness and increasing their market share, these firms are involved in developing and introducing products and/or services that meet customers needs. 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Critical Thinking- Ancient Rome free essay sample

Why were early Rome’s conquests so successful? The Romans were great diplomats. They were firm when necessary and smart about granting citizenship. They also let citizens participate in domestic affairs. Their military was made up of strong, persistent soldiers. If a substantial amount of men were lost in battle they wouldn’t just surrender, but instead recruit new soldiers. They would build up new armies so that they could keep fighting. The Romans were also good strategists. By the year 264 BCE Rome had established colonies in strategic spots throughout Italy.By connecting these settlements with roads, they built a military and communication network that helped them rule more effectively. By getting military help from allies, they mobilized Italy’s military manpower. 2. What were the Punic Wars, and why were they so important in the development of Rome? The first Punic war made Sicily the first Roman province. The Romans wanted to conquer Sicily, but realized that they couldn’t win the war without a navy. The developed a massive navy which defeated the Carthaginian naval fleet off Sicily, ending the war.The second Punic war lasted from 218 to 201 BCE. Carthage tried to gain more land to make up for the loss of Sicily. Rome got Carthage’s allies to revolt against them and Carthage fought back. Carthage wanted to bring the fight to Rome and defeat them in their own territory. The Romans lost several thousand men during battle, but they never gave up. They built a new army and reconquered Halian cities that had gone over to the enemy’s side. Rome’s strategy was to undermine Carthage’s empire in Spain. By 206 the Carthaginians were pushed out of Spain and the war was taken to Carthage.A peace treaty was signed in 201 and Spain became a Roman province, making Rome the supreme power in the western Mediterranean. About fifty years after that, Carthage broke the treaty by going to war with some of Rome’s allies. Rome took this opportunity to destroy Carthage in 146 BCE. 3. What was the role of women in Roman society? The heart of the social community in Rome was family- the paterfamilias. Like in so many other societies, men were dominant. Women needed male guardians because of the sex’s weakness. The fathers arranged his daughter’s marriage.If a marriage was done â€Å"with legal rights† then the husband gain legal control of his wife, however, a marriage could be done â€Å"without legal rights† and the wife would remain under her father’s legal control. If the father died she would have independent property rights that could be translated into power in and outside the household. Some upper-class girls got an education, whether through a private tutor or by going to a primary school, but at the age that a boy would be going to secondary school, a girl would be getting married. The legal minimum for marriage was age 12, but age 14 was more common. Doctors advised against early pregnancy because it could harm the girl, but early marriage still happened because girls died young. By the 2nd century CE, husband’s utter authority was gone, and by the late 2nd century females no longer needed a male guardian. Upper-class women had more freedom and independence. They had the right to have, inherit, and dispose of property. Wives weren’t separated from males. They could go to the theater, races and events at the amphitheater, although, they did sit in different sections at the theater and in the amphitheater.Women weren’t allowed to be involved in politics but they could influence such things through their husbands. 4. What were the foundations of early Christianity and how did its rise transform Rome? Roman persecution made Christians become more organized. They made bishops/clergy separate from normal members of the church and creating structure. Rome responded to this with more systematic persecution, but this approach doesn’t work. Christianity became too strong to defeat with force. Christianity had a lot to offer, such as the promise of salvation for people in all different roles of society- rich, poor, aristocrats, slaves, men and women.They had an emphasis on equality. The religion was also familiar. It was another religion offering immortality thanks to the sacrifice of a savior-god, but it offered more. Jesus was relatable because he was also human. Christianity fulfilled the need to belong and created communities. People could express love by helping one another, the poor, sick, widows and orphans. It offered women new roles and friendship with other women. Some women fostered the religion in their homes and preached to townspeople. Some even died for their faith. Constantine was the 1st Christian emperor.In 313 he used the Edict of Milan to officially declare the tolerance of Christianity. Theodosius â€Å"the great† made it the official religion of Rome. 5. What did the Roman and Han empires have in common and in what ways were they different? Both Rome and the Han Empire controlled large areas of the world during the beginning of the 1st millennium CE and lasted for centuries. Both grew into areas with different languages, ethnic groups and ways of life. They carried legal and political institutions, technical skills and languages throughout their empires. They created centralized control with great success.They built complicated road systems, relied on provincial officials and towns/cities as administration centers. Architectural features in capital cities were found in providential towns on a smaller scale. Their settled conditions allowed for high agricultural production. In both empires, family was the heart of social structure and the men were in charge. Duty, courage, obedience and discipline were values that strengthened their empires. Wealth deepened on agriculture and free peasants were the backbone. There was a gradual conversion from peasants to tenant farmers.However there were some differences. Social mobility was greater in Rome, merchants were in higher regard and they were more dependent on military force. China had a more stable government because of things like the Mandate of heaven. Both suffered from overexpansion, protected its borders with wall and forts and were overcome by nomadic people. Xiegnu overtook the Han dynasty and Rome was overtaken by Germanic peoples. There is one major difference. The Chinese imperial tradition, class structure and values that were a part of the Han dynasty lived on, but the Roman empire only lived on as an idea.

Segmenting Nonprofit Stakeholders †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Segmenting Nonprofit Stakeholders. Answer: Introduction: Market segmentation is one of the most important things in fixing the marketing strategies (Wedel Kamakura, 2012). The organizations have to divide their customers into different segments so that they can be able to trace the customer behavior and thus manage to manipulate their customers to buy their products and gain the competitive advantage over their rivals in the industry. These are the ways in which the organizations can be able to attain their success. The need for assessing the behavior of the customers, their likes and dislikes is immense (Wedel Kamakura, 2012). The organizations and the marketing team has to analyze some of the important matters in regards to making the customer segmentation so that they can be able to assess which things are best suitable for which segment of customers, both from the point of views of quality and price (Jahanshani et al., 2014). The chosen organization for this assignment is one of the leaders in the global retail chain industry, Woolworths Limited ("Woolworths Limited", 2017). The need for consumer or customer segmentation is huge and this is done by almost any organization thriving for success. Customer segmentation is done by the organizations so that they can divide their customer base into smaller groups with similar kinds of choices, tastes, demands and preferences (Hjort et al., 2013). The market segment is a smaller market within the larger customer base that comprises of similar minded customers. The market segments are totally different from each other in their nature. A particular market segment is such a setting where the customers think and behave on the same lines (Cross, Belich Rudelius, 2015). The fluctuations in the market are ought to happen and a particular market segment responds to this in the same way. The basic customer segmentation can be done in some ways. This is done on the basis of some important factors like the age, gender, income, marital status, occupation and some others. There are generally three types of market segmentation (Mller Haase, 2014). These are psychographic segmentation, behaviouralistic segmentation and geographic segmentation. The different factors in this segmentation need to be addressed (Rupp, Kern Helmig, 2014). Demographic market segmentation The need for segmentation based on gender is very important since both men and women have different choices and preferences. The organizations have different choices for men that would surely not work for the women in the target market. The customers must be segmented by the customers based on their age group so they could find it comfortable to sale the products according to that particular age group only. The marketing strategies for the organizations would surely be different for the kids, teenagers and adults (Tifferet Herstein, 2012). The marketers divide the customers according to their income as this is very important to measure on how they could sale their customers and this has to be done strictly by maintaining the pricing strategies properly by assuming the income of the customers. According to this basis, the customers can be divided into three segments and they are high income customers, mid income customers and low income customers (Tifferet Herstein, 2012). The marital status of the customers is a factor in determining the consumer segmentation. This is because the travel agencies will surely not make the holiday packages at same price and facilities for the bachelors and the married couples. The consumer market segmentation can be fixed on the basis of the occupation of the customers since the products to be sold would vary from office goers to school and college students and people involved in other professionals. Advantages The demographics data can be achieved very easily from the government organizations or websites. The various factors of the demographic data like the age, income, gender are quantitative things and are adjustable to the needs of the company (Tifferet Herstein, 2012). Demographic segmentation does not approach the extremely niche groups and therefore have a great chance of targeting a huge population. The important data about the income and socio-economic status gives a huge opportunity to the companies to assess the buying powers (Tifferet Herstein, 2012). Disadvantages The competitors can very easily understand the demographic information and segmentation that the concerned company has targeted. It has happened often times that targeting the wrong market segmentation groups has turned to be a loss for the companies and wastage of money and resources as well as time. Psychographic market segmentation It is a known fact that different people have different personality traits, attitudes and personalities. The need for dividing the consumer base according to those traits and personalities is of huge importance (Boone Kurtz, 2013). There are many people who are careful about the outside environment while others are not. Similarly, some people are very much health conscious while others are not. The organizations must look after these things before making their products. This kind of market segmentation has to be done based on their lifestyles, interests, moral values and attitudes. The customers are always changing their preferences and the organizations have to change their mindsets as well so as to cater to the needs of the customers. This kind of segmentation is directly related with the human psychology and companies have to assess it before presenting those products to the customers (Boone Kurtz, 2013). The companies have to understand the psychology of the customers better an d thus they can be able to target and approach them in a better way. Advantages This helps the companies to catch the customers by studying his/her psychology. This is very important in case the companies desire to provide niche and customized products to their customers (Boone Kurtz, 2013). This helps to understand the customer behavior. Disadvantages It is a time consuming process. The psychology of the customers is different from each other so it is very difficult to segment the market according to that only. Behavioral market segmentation Behavioral market segmentation is important market segmentation. This is done so that the customers showing same kinds of choices and preferences can be assimilated together and put under the same group (Ailawadi et al., 2014). This helps the organizations to promote their variety of products in a similar manner and reach those customers in a shorter time. The customers can be captured by depending on their needs. The people are being more brands conscious so the companies have to be cautious about choosing their products. There are certain parameters for this market segmentation. These are:- occasion oriented, usage oriented, loyalty oriented and sought benefits (Ailawadi et al., 2014). Advantages This process helps the companies to identify the customers similar in behavior and thus makes it easier to target them. This process further helps to create a brand loyalty because the customers show an affinity towards a particular brand. Disadvantages Customer behavior cannot be predicted to be right all the time since the preferences of the customers changes with time. This kind of market segmentation is done depending on segmenting the customer base based on geographical borders (Hassan Craft, 2012). This segmentation depends on the countries, states, villages, cities and other urban areas, climatic conditions and population density. It is very important because people living in the same region are often seen to have the same needs. The companies could produce for the things that are best suited for the people of a particular region (Hassan Craft, 2012). Advantages This helps to recognize people living in a same geographic region and having the similar likes. The areas being densely populated can open the doors for a huge marketing opportunity. This helps the companies to invest in a particular geographic region earning them the opportunity for brand loyalty (Romaniuk Nenycz-Thiel, 2013). Disadvantages This process is unable to show the likes and dislikes, behavior of the customers. A particular region goes through certain climatic changes very often and this leads them to loss (Romaniuk Nenycz-Thiel, 2013). These are the ways in which the companies can target their customers based on these four main sections. The companies have to continuously evaluate and assess the needs of the customers for better results. Targeting the audience is a crucial stage for marinating a marketing strategy that comes after the segmentation of the target audience (Writz, 2012). The target audience has to be convinced so that they will buy the products of the company. The customers do not get to test the quality of the products before purchasing it. So, they have to rely entirely on the things that are said to them. The companies should make sure that these advertisements are not fake. The target market of a company is determined by the fact where the company wants to sell its products. The target market of a company includes the set of customers who are targeted by the company according to the buying power of the customers and the kinds of target segmentations. Every company has their selected target markets in their business territory. They invest a lot of effort including their money and resources to monitor their target market (Writz, 2012). It is very obvious that the target consumers have to be influenced to buy their products and its pricing. The pricing of the products is not meant for all the target consumers as all of them do not have the same buying power. The target market is very important to fix the marketing plan for the company. It has to be kept to be in the focus of the marketing plan and strategy since it keeps the other factors like the distribution of the product, pricing and promotion strategies. This is called as 4 Ps of marketing (Gordon, 2012). Keeping that in mind, the target market has to be decided upon in the light of Woolworths limited ("Woolworths Limited", 2017). The target market of the company is mainly the high earning people. Their premium products are mainly designed to cater to the needs of the high society people. The standard of living of Australian people is higher than the average people in other countries. Woolworths target to develop the environment and fulfill the needs and demands of the people regarding the environmental safety (Lundgren McMakin, 2013). The chief strategy of the organization is to increase the market share in the future. They sell their products to different range of customers. They target all groups of people as per range. Their belief is they should be able to sell their product to a widely ranged customer group so that they can get the competitive edge (Barney, 2014). Woolworths always try to approach their target market through customizing their products in a mass volume. They have to build a good relationship with their customers so that their customers stay loyal to their brand only. In the entire marketing scenario, this helps to give them a huge advantage to create a reputed brand image (Aaker Biel, 2013). These marketing strategies help them to stay ahead of their competitors. The disposable income of the Australians is fairly high so the primary target of Woolworths is the people with a good earning ("Woolworths Limited", 2017). The secondary target market of Woolworths is the people who are weaker section in the financial basis. Their secondary target market audience for Woolworths may be the people who order their orders online. The target audience will take a long time to choose their products by comparing the quality (Aaker Biel, 2013). The products that are provided by Woolworths are daily use basis. This is why they have to provide the best quality materials in it to improve their reputation among their target audiences. They must produce their goods by analyzing their customer profiles. These are based upon the demographic, geographic, psychographic and behavioral approach to market segmentation. They must develop the goods according to the age, gender, income and occupation of the customers. This will be helpful for them to fix their pricing strategies since they cannot provide every product to very customer (Barney, 2014). The customers have to be careful about choosing their brands at the time of purchasing. This will add to the fact that the customers will be looking for the best products in the market. The best products will be available in the target market when Woolworths will have identified the needs and demands for the customers. Woolworths must make a marketing survey among their customers so that they can assess what their customers actually need ("Woolworths Limited", 2017). They should prepare a consumer profile template for that. This will help them to analyze what their customers actually want from them. They will then make things clear about what they have to produce and thus cater to the requirements of their target market (Aaker Biel, 2013). Brand positioning is a very important factor for the companies in the global business environment in these days. In this part of the paper, the brand positioning of the chosen company Woolworths limited has to be determined (Hollensen, 2015). Brand positioning of a company defines the reason for the taget customers to buy the products of that particular company. The companies have to create a niche market for its customers and this market has to be carefully chosen. The company has to be unique in quality than its competitors and the company can be able to gain a competitive advantage through this. In other words, it can be said that brand positioning is the reflection of the views and opinions of the customers on that particular company. The companies make their marketing strategies in such a way that their brand positioning creates a special and unique place in the market (Hollensen, 2015). Likewise, Woolworths have created their own brand positioning and it has been quite a success because they are considered as one of the most influential retail organizations in the country as well as in the world. When a company has to create a valuable brand positioning for them, identify and determine all the points of similarities and differences so that they can choose the right brand identity and improve their brand image this way. Woolworths generally operates in a mass market and they sell the FMCG products that are sold in a large market. Woolworths has always given the most priority on their products (van Elzakker et al., 2012). The quality products help them to build the customer faith and brand loyalty. This gives a good impression on the customers minds. They tend to identify the needs and requirements of the people and thus they develop those products according to the needs and requirements. Value and price is a determining factor in the positioning of the brands. Excessively low prices as well as excessively high prices ruin the brand image so it is clever enough to keep the price of the brands according to its use and quality (Sirianni et al., 2013). The customers always give more value to their budget because it helps them to judge what kind of products they will buy. The prices of the products of Woolworths are not too high or too low. Woolworths uses the strategy to communicate the benefits of the particular products to their customers. This way the customers get to know the benefits they can get from and Woolworths utilizes this opportunity to spread their popularity through their varied products from food to apparels and other products in the retail chain industry (Sirianni et al., 2013). The users will be able to select the products according to their needs and requirements. Perceptual map helps the companies to identify their brand positioning. Woolworths produces some important products that are used by a huge percentage people ranging from high social class to the lower ones (Kervyn, Fiske Malone, 2012). This has been the key for the company to keep their product pricing at a moderate level. Woolworths has a lot of competitors in their industry. The most important of them are Coles Supermarket and Wesfarmers. Woolworths has been trying to keep up their reputation and improve their brand image by providing good quality products. They are proven themselves to be a well established brand with expansions in the foreign countries. This has been one of their most impressive strategies to dominate the market. They have focused strongly on the advertisement of their brands. They put up advertisements on their websites as well as in the social media platforms (Kervyn, Fiske Malone, 2012) This also helps them to create a good brand positioning. Some of the ne w products of Woolworths are Arnotts Vovo ice cream, Arnotts Wagon Wheel ice cream, Banana Boat Dry Balance Lotion, Beckham Body Spray Instinct Sport, Bimbadgen Sparkling Semillon and many others. These products have been priced within the affordability of their customers by judging their buying powers. These factors work in real time as Woolworths are trying to be the leaders in the retail chain industry (Fernie Sparks, 2014). Since, they do not provide their products to the niche market they are well focused on to provide best quality products to the mass market. References Aaker, D. A., Biel, A. (2013).Brand equity advertising: advertising's role in building strong brands. Psychology Press. Ailawadi, K. L., Neslin, S. A., Luan, Y. J., Taylor, G. A. (2014). Does retailer CSR enhance behavioral loyalty? A case for benefit segmentation.International Journal of Research in Marketing,31(2), 156-167. Barney, J. B. (2014).Gaining and sustaining competitive advantage. Pearson Higher Ed. Boone, L. E., Kurtz, D. L. (2013).Contemporary marketing. Cengage learning. Cross, J. C., Belich, T. J., Rudelius, W. (2015). How marketing managers use market segmentation: An exploratory study. InProceedings of the 1990 Academy of Marketing Science (AMS) Annual Conference(pp. 531-536). Springer, Cham. Fernie, J., Sparks, L. (2014).Logistics and retail management: emerging issues and new challenges in the retail supply chain. Kogan page publishers. Gordon, R. (2012). Re-thinking and re-tooling the social marketing mix.Australasian Marketing Journal (AMJ),20(2), 122-126. Hassan, S. S., Craft, S. (2012). Examining world market segmentation and brand positioning strategies.Journal of Consumer marketing,29(5), 344-356. Hjort, K., Lantz, B., Ericsson, D., Gattorna, J. (2013). Customer segmentation based on buying and returning behaviour.International Journal of Physical Distribution Logistics Management,43(10), 852-865. Hollensen, S. (2015). Marketing management: A relationship approach. Pearson Education. Jahanshani, A. A., Hajizadeh, G. M. A., Mirdhamadi, S. A., Nawaser, K., Khaksar, S. M. S. (2014). Study the effects of customer service and product quality on customer satisfaction and loyalty. Kervyn, N., Fiske, S. T., Malone, C. (2012). Brands as intentional agents framework: How perceived intentions and ability can map brand perception.Journal of consumer psychology: the official journal of the Society for Consumer Psychology,22(2). Lundgren, R. E., McMakin, A. H. (2013).Risk communication: A handbook for communicating environmental, safety, and health risks. John Wiley Sons. Mller, S., Haase, K. (2014). Customer segmentation in retail facility location planning.Business research,7(2), 235-261. Romaniuk, J., Nenycz-Thiel, M. (2013). Behavioral brand loyalty and consumer brand associations.Journal of Business Research,66(1), 67-72. Rupp, C., Kern, S., Helmig, B. (2014). Segmenting nonprofit stakeholders to enable successful relationship marketing: A review.International Journal of Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Marketing,19(2), 76-91. Sirianni, N. J., Bitner, M. J., Brown, S. W., Mandel, N. (2013). Branded service encounters: Strategically aligning employee behavior with the brand positioning.Journal of Marketing,77(6), 108-123. Tifferet, S., Herstein, R. (2012). Gender differences in brand commitment, impulse buying, and hedonic consumption.Journal of Product Brand Management,21(3), 176-182. van Elzakker, M. A., Zondervan, E., Raikar, N. B., Grossmann, I. E., Bongers, P. M. (2012). Scheduling in the FMCG industry: An industrial case study.Industrial Engineering Chemistry Research,51(22), 7800-7815. Wedel, M., Kamakura, W. A. (2012).Market segmentation: Conceptual and methodological foundations(Vol. 8). Springer Science Business Media. Wirtz, J. (2012).Essentials of services marketing. FT Press. Woolworths Limited. (2017). Woolworths.com.au. Retrieved 31 August 2017, from https://www.woolworths.com.au/